Developmental Stages

Based on Erikson's Stages of Development, each stage presents unique challenges and opportunities for growth.

Why This Framework Matters

A Guide, Not a Rulebook

This developmental framework is a helpful guide, not a rigid prescription. Every child develops at their own pace, and every family has unique circumstances. Use this as a roadmap to understand your child's needs, but always trust your instincts and adapt based on what works for your specific situation.

The Power of Timing

Perhaps the most valuable insight from developmental psychology is knowing when your child is ready for different types of feedback and support. Understanding these stages helps you provide exactly what they need at the right time.

For example, understanding these stages helps you know that a 4-year-old who is "bossy" is likely attempting healthy autonomy (not being disrespectful), while an 8-year-old who resists feedback may still need their effort validated before discussing how to improve.

The framework reveals why certain behaviors emerge when they do, and provides age-appropriate responses that support healthy development rather than inadvertently creating shame, doubt, or guilt where confidence and capability could grow.

Building Strong Foundations

Each developmental stage builds upon the previous one. When we rush stages or skip essential foundations, children may struggle later. For example, a child who doesn't develop trust in infancy may struggle with vulnerability in relationships later. Understanding these connections helps you make informed decisions about when to push and when to provide extra support.

Your Expert Knowledge

Remember: You know your child best. This framework provides insights into typical patterns, but your unique observations, cultural values, and family dynamics are equally important. Use this knowledge alongside your own wisdom and intuition.

The Five Eriksonian Virtues

Hope (Infancy)

The foundational belief that needs will be met and the world can be trusted.

Willpower (Toddlerhood)

The confidence to act independently while maintaining connection to caregivers.

Purpose (Early Childhood)

The drive to pursue goals and take initiative in the world.

Competence (Middle Childhood)

The confidence in one's ability to learn, master skills, and achieve goals.

Fidelity (Adolescence)

The ability to maintain consistent values and identity while being true to oneself.

Strategy Guide: Each stage shows what to encourage (the positive trait) and what to avoid (the negative pattern). Focus on building the positive while being aware of potential pitfalls.

💡 Age-by-Age Guidance: Scroll down to see specific parent dialogues, expected outcomes, and new capabilities for each age within each developmental stage.

Infancy

0-1 years

Psychological Crisis

"Can I trust the world?"

Developmental Goal

Develop an innate sense of Hope

Encourage

TRUST

Respond consistently, show reliability, meet basic needs confidently

Avoid

MISTRUST

Inconsistency, neglect, unreliable caregiving patterns

Age 0

Parent Dialogue
"We have you, you are safe, and we will immediately respond to you."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel safe, comforted, cared for.

Developed Capability

N/A

Age 1

Parent Dialogue
"We are here to keep you safe and meet your needs."
Expected Outcome

Child feels inherently secure that needs can be met.

Developed Capability

Begin to understand basic cause and effect.

Toddlerhood

2-4 years

Psychological Crisis

"Is it okay to be me?"

Developmental Goal

Develop an innate sense of Willpower

Encourage

AUTONOMY

Allow choices within safe limits, respect their "no," provide support when needed

Avoid

DOUBT

Over-control, shame for independence, constant intervention

Age 2

Parent Dialogue
"You might not sense us with you every single moment, but we are always ensuring that you are okay."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel self-sufficient with a constant base of parental security.

Developed Capability

Child can understand some separation from parents.

Age 3

Parent Dialogue
"You can make choices and we'll support you."
Expected Outcome

Child should develop confidence in making decisions and exploring their environment.

Developed Capability

Child can understand their personal role in how their actions create outcomes and consequences.

Age 4

Parent Dialogue
"We support you in trying new things and learning from your experiences."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel empowered to explore interests and engage with the world.

Developed Capability

Child can understand the value of trying and learning.

Early Childhood

5-7 years

Psychological Crisis

"Is it okay for me to act?"

Developmental Goal

Develop an innate sense of Purpose

Encourage

INITIATIVE

Encourage trying new things, set realistic goals together, celebrate effort

Avoid

GUILT

Punishing initiative, perfectionism, shaming mistakes

Age 5

Parent Dialogue
"It's always okay to try to do things, and we'll never tell you that taking action is the wrong thing to do. If it's too big, we will help you find a new way to try it."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel encouraged and supported in making independent decisions while being redirected to realistic and appropriate choices.

Developed Capability

Child can understand that some goals are too big or impossible.

Age 6

Parent Dialogue
"Keep exploring and trying new things; we'll be here to guide you."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel confident in their ability to make decisions and engage in goal-directed behavior.

Developed Capability

Child can understand the value of perseverance and problem-solving.

Age 7

Parent Dialogue
"We're proud of your efforts and encourage you to keep pursuing your interests."
Expected Outcome

Child should continue to feel supported in their endeavors and develop a strong sense of self-direction.

Developed Capability

Child can understand the importance of adaptability and resourcefulness.

Middle Childhood

8-11 years

Psychological Crisis

"Can I make it in the world?"

Developmental Goal

Develop an innate sense of Competence

Encourage

INDUSTRY

Praise hard work, provide learning opportunities, support skill-building

Avoid

INFERIORITY

Comparing to others, criticizing efforts, focusing only on results

Age 8

Parent Dialogue
"We will always praise you for working hard on something, without any regard for whether the output is good quality. We don't expect anything to be flawless. If you do something hurtful, we will have a serious discussion."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel praised for their hard work and pursuit of interests without being told it's not good enough.

Developed Capability

Child can understand that some actions are hurtful or unwanted.

Age 9

Parent Dialogue
"We believe in your abilities and support your efforts."
Expected Outcome

Child should continue to develop self-esteem and a sense of pride in their accomplishments.

Developed Capability

Child can understand that effort and dedication lead to success.

Age 10

Parent Dialogue
"Keep working on your goals, and we'll be here to help you when needed."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel supported in their pursuit of interests and feel capable of overcoming challenges.

Developed Capability

Child can understand the importance of setting realistic goals and breaking tasks into manageable steps.

Age 11

Parent Dialogue
"Your hard work and dedication are what make you successful, not just the end results."
Expected Outcome

Child should develop a strong sense of self-worth based on their efforts and perseverance.

Developed Capability

Child can understand the importance of resilience and learning from setbacks.

Adolescence

12-15+ years

Psychological Crisis

"Who can I be?"

Developmental Goal

Develop an innate sense of Fidelity

Encourage

IDENTITY

Respect their exploration, provide guidance without judgment, support self-discovery

Avoid

ROLE CONFUSION

Pushing premature decisions, rejecting their identity exploration

Age 12

Parent Dialogue
"You can explore new ways of expressing yourself without us shaming you for not fitting in our systems they way we want. Your identity is rooted in love, regardless of the personas you try on. If you do something that needs improvement, we will give you clear and constructive feedback."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel encouraged to define who they want to become without tension with family/community value systems.

Developed Capability

Child can understand that some work can be criticized and improved.

Age 13

Parent Dialogue
"We support your exploration of your interests, and we're here to help you navigate this journey."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel empowered to express their individuality and develop a strong sense of self.

Developed Capability

Child can understand the importance of self-reflection and personal growth.

Age 14

Parent Dialogue
"You're growing and changing, and we're here to support you in discovering who you are and who you want to become."
Expected Outcome

Child should continue to develop a strong sense of identity while embracing their evolving interests and values.

Developed Capability

Child can understand the importance of adaptability and openness to change.

Age 15+

Parent Dialogue
"As you grow and explore, remember that we are here to support you and provide guidance when needed. Your choices and experiences help shape your unique identity."
Expected Outcome

Child should feel comfortable continuing to explore their identity and understand that their evolving self is an ongoing process.

Developed Capability

Child can understand the value of taking on different roles in a range of situations without it threatening their sense of self.