Developmental Stages
Based on Erikson's Stages of Development, each stage presents unique challenges and opportunities for growth.
Why This Framework Matters
A Guide, Not a Rulebook
This developmental framework is a helpful guide, not a rigid prescription. Every child develops at their own pace, and every family has unique circumstances. Use this as a roadmap to understand your child's needs, but always trust your instincts and adapt based on what works for your specific situation.
The Power of Timing
Perhaps the most valuable insight from developmental psychology is knowing when your child is ready for different types of feedback and support. Understanding these stages helps you provide exactly what they need at the right time.
For example, understanding these stages helps you know that a 4-year-old who is "bossy" is likely attempting healthy autonomy (not being disrespectful), while an 8-year-old who resists feedback may still need their effort validated before discussing how to improve.
The framework reveals why certain behaviors emerge when they do, and provides age-appropriate responses that support healthy development rather than inadvertently creating shame, doubt, or guilt where confidence and capability could grow.
Building Strong Foundations
Each developmental stage builds upon the previous one. When we rush stages or skip essential foundations, children may struggle later. For example, a child who doesn't develop trust in infancy may struggle with vulnerability in relationships later. Understanding these connections helps you make informed decisions about when to push and when to provide extra support.
Your Expert Knowledge
Remember: You know your child best. This framework provides insights into typical patterns, but your unique observations, cultural values, and family dynamics are equally important. Use this knowledge alongside your own wisdom and intuition.
The Five Eriksonian Virtues
Hope (Infancy)
The foundational belief that needs will be met and the world can be trusted.
Willpower (Toddlerhood)
The confidence to act independently while maintaining connection to caregivers.
Purpose (Early Childhood)
The drive to pursue goals and take initiative in the world.
Competence (Middle Childhood)
The confidence in one's ability to learn, master skills, and achieve goals.
Fidelity (Adolescence)
The ability to maintain consistent values and identity while being true to oneself.
Strategy Guide: Each stage shows what to encourage (the positive trait) and what to avoid (the negative pattern). Focus on building the positive while being aware of potential pitfalls.
💡 Age-by-Age Guidance: Scroll down to see specific parent dialogues, expected outcomes, and new capabilities for each age within each developmental stage.
Infancy
Psychological Crisis
"Can I trust the world?"
Developmental Goal
Develop an innate sense of Hope
Encourage
TRUST
Avoid
MISTRUST
Age 0
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel safe, comforted, cared for.
Developed Capability
N/A
Age 1
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child feels inherently secure that needs can be met.
Developed Capability
Begin to understand basic cause and effect.
Toddlerhood
Psychological Crisis
"Is it okay to be me?"
Developmental Goal
Develop an innate sense of Willpower
Encourage
AUTONOMY
Avoid
DOUBT
Age 2
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel self-sufficient with a constant base of parental security.
Developed Capability
Child can understand some separation from parents.
Age 3
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should develop confidence in making decisions and exploring their environment.
Developed Capability
Child can understand their personal role in how their actions create outcomes and consequences.
Age 4
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel empowered to explore interests and engage with the world.
Developed Capability
Child can understand the value of trying and learning.
Early Childhood
Psychological Crisis
"Is it okay for me to act?"
Developmental Goal
Develop an innate sense of Purpose
Encourage
INITIATIVE
Avoid
GUILT
Age 5
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel encouraged and supported in making independent decisions while being redirected to realistic and appropriate choices.
Developed Capability
Child can understand that some goals are too big or impossible.
Age 6
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel confident in their ability to make decisions and engage in goal-directed behavior.
Developed Capability
Child can understand the value of perseverance and problem-solving.
Age 7
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should continue to feel supported in their endeavors and develop a strong sense of self-direction.
Developed Capability
Child can understand the importance of adaptability and resourcefulness.
Middle Childhood
Psychological Crisis
"Can I make it in the world?"
Developmental Goal
Develop an innate sense of Competence
Encourage
INDUSTRY
Avoid
INFERIORITY
Age 8
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel praised for their hard work and pursuit of interests without being told it's not good enough.
Developed Capability
Child can understand that some actions are hurtful or unwanted.
Age 9
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should continue to develop self-esteem and a sense of pride in their accomplishments.
Developed Capability
Child can understand that effort and dedication lead to success.
Age 10
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel supported in their pursuit of interests and feel capable of overcoming challenges.
Developed Capability
Child can understand the importance of setting realistic goals and breaking tasks into manageable steps.
Age 11
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should develop a strong sense of self-worth based on their efforts and perseverance.
Developed Capability
Child can understand the importance of resilience and learning from setbacks.
Adolescence
Psychological Crisis
"Who can I be?"
Developmental Goal
Develop an innate sense of Fidelity
Encourage
IDENTITY
Avoid
ROLE CONFUSION
Age 12
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel encouraged to define who they want to become without tension with family/community value systems.
Developed Capability
Child can understand that some work can be criticized and improved.
Age 13
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel empowered to express their individuality and develop a strong sense of self.
Developed Capability
Child can understand the importance of self-reflection and personal growth.
Age 14
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should continue to develop a strong sense of identity while embracing their evolving interests and values.
Developed Capability
Child can understand the importance of adaptability and openness to change.
Age 15+
Parent Dialogue
Expected Outcome
Child should feel comfortable continuing to explore their identity and understand that their evolving self is an ongoing process.
Developed Capability
Child can understand the value of taking on different roles in a range of situations without it threatening their sense of self.